Liz Bonnin introduces a clip exploring water erosion in the Grand Canyon in Arizona.
LIZ BONNIN: Hi, I'm Liz Bonnin, and I'm digging through the 麻豆社's amazing archives to find out all about physical geography.
Now there are a few things you need to know for this next clip.
First, that the Grand Canyon, in the American state of Arizona, is one of the great natural wonders of the world.
Second, that just a few hundred years ago, most people believed that the world was roughly 6,000 years old.
And third, that one of the men who showed that was far from accurate was a Scottish geologist called James Hutton, whose study of rocks helped to prove that our Earth is way older than that.
Got all that? Grand canyon, 6,000 years old - wrong. James Hutton, Scottish rock man - right.
Okay, armed with that information, we can join physicist, Michio Kaku and his pal, Dr Dave Thayer, looking at how the Grand Canyon was carved out of rock by the Colorado River over many millions of years.
MICHIO KAKU: The Grand Canyon in Arizona. 270 miles of Colorado River flow across two states, carving out a chasm one mile deep. It's created a landscape on an epic scale.
DR DAVE THAYER: Let's have a seat here.
MICHIO KAKU: Now Dave, the Colorado River's a small little thing. How can the Colorado River gouge out such a huge canyon?
DR DAVE THAYER: The river is digging the canyon deeper at the rate of one foot every thousand years.
MICHIO KAKU: Mm-hm.
DR DAVE THAYER: And in that time all this rubble is eroding down into it from the rain.
MICHIO KAKU: I see鈥
DR DAVE THAYER: You can imagine how long that's taken because it's all changing to sand as it goes.
MICHIO KAKU: Wow. And how much rock has been carved out?
DR DAVE THAYER: Well there's 800 cubic miles of missing rock in the Grand Canyon.
MICHIO KAKU: A mile below us, the river continues to cut its path through the rock, carrying it away in its silty waters.
So we're talking about the power of water, right? I mean, water carved this cathedral out of nothing.
DR DAVE THAYER: Yep.
MICHIO KAKU: And how long has this erosion been taking place?
DR DAVE THAYER: Well at least 5.5 million years is what they say.
MICHIO KAKU: Alright.
Unimaginable eons of time were needed for water to carve out valleys. And Hutton noticed something else. The layers of rock revealed by erosion, showed a still greater scale of time.
Now Dave, when I look at a rock, it's boring. A rock is a rock is a rock. But you're telling me that each rock has a story, right?
DR DAVE THAYER: Well that's true, Michio. You can see all the different colours of the layers in the canyon.
MICHIO KAKU: Mm-hm.
DR DAVE THAYER: And each one has a different thing to tell.
MICHIO KAKU: Amazingly, long, long before the rock was eroded away, its layers had to have been formed.
DR DAVE THAYER: Oh, here's a nice place to see the strata.
MICHIO KAKU: On the side of the canyon. Yeah. I see, yeah, right here.
DR DAVE THAYER: This red layer right here would be a silt stone that formed at the edge of an ocean. And, you know, it took probably a thousand years to form one inch of it.
MICHIO KAKU: A thousand years? So you're telling me that all of human recorded history, going back to the Babylonians and the Egyptians鈥
DR DAVE THAYER: Would be just that much.
MICHIO KAKU: Just a few inches. Yeah.
DR DAVE THAYER: Isn't that staggering?
MICHIO KAKU: So this is like a time machine basically, right? A thousand years per inch, on average.
DR DAVE THAYER: On average, yeah. If you just took the whole length of just the sedimentary rocks in the canyon that have been deposited here.
MICHIO KAKU: Uh-huh.
DR DAVE THAYER: Floods and rivers and streams and the ocean coming in.
MICHIO KAKU: Staggers the imagination.
DR DAVE THAYER: It does indeed. As you walk down this trail, by the way, I wanted to tell you that every step you take, you go about 20,000 years into the past.
MICHIO KAKU: Is that right?
DR DAVE THAYER: Yeah. And we've taken quite a few steps already.
MICHIO KAKU: Quite a few steps.
DR DAVE THAYER: And there are a lot more steps to get all the way down to the river.
MICHIO KAKU: I see.
LIZ BONNIN: So those layers of rock are really a bit like the rings on a section of a tree trunk. Both giving a visible indication of how old they are.
Liz Bonnin introduces the Grand Canyon with its complex and very ancient geology.
The Grand Canyon was carved out of rock by the Colorado River over millions of years. The strata of the canyon is discussed to explain what the layers tell us about how the canyon formed. Every human step into the canyon represents about 20,000 years' worth of erosion.
Teacher Notes
This short film could be used to stimulate discussion with students about just how slow the process of erosion can be - and how, when it continues for million of years, it creates dramatic landscapes.
The clip can also be used to reinforce the idea of strata and using rock strata to reconstruct the past.
Curriculum Notes
This topic appears in Geography at KS3 (Hydrology) and KS4 / GCSE (Rivers and water) in England, Wales and Northern Ireland and National 4/5 in Scotland.
More geography clips with Liz Bonnin:
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How does a river change as it travels downstream? video
An archive clip of Sir David Attenborough as he follows the course of the Amazon River as it travels downstream.
What coastal management techniques are being used on Hayling Island? video
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What is a 鈥榮pit鈥 and how does it form through longshore drift? video
Katie Knapman explains how a spit forms through longshore drift and is a dynamic physical process, constantly changing the coastline.
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How have physical processes impacted the landscape of Yorkshire? video
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Glaciation and the UK coastline. video
Alice Roberts explains how Britain was once connected to Europe, but changed due to rising sea-levels following the Ice Age.
How has glaciation shaped the landforms of the Northern Hemisphere? video
Iain Stewart explains the glaciation of the Northern Hemisphere, focusing on the Yosemite Valley in California.
What evidence is there for climate change in the UK? video
Tom Heap considers the evidence that the UK climate might be changing - with more droughts, higher summer temperatures, but wetter winters.
How can plate tectonics impact oceans? video
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Plate tectonics in the UK - Anglesey. video
Nick Crane explores the geology and seismology of Anglesey - earthquake hot spot of the UK.
Deforestation and the growth of soya in Paraguay. video
Simon Reeves visits Paraguay to consider the deforestation that has occurred there to grow soy and the challenge of conservation vs development.
