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War in Europe
In 1692 William III left for Europe. Louis XIV saw the chance to restore James II to the throne of England. Admiral Edward Russell led the English and Dutch fleets against the French. James II firmly believed Russell would turn traitor to his country and escort him back to London to reclaim his throne to James' surprise Russell defeated the French at Cape la Hogue.
Meanwhile William III fought and lost a terrible battles against the French in the Spanish Netherlands. He would not give up but his coffers were empty. Private enterprise came to his rescue. A company was set up. It had 1,268 shareholders who raised 拢1,200,000 and loaned it to the Government at eight per cent interest and with an administration fee of 拢100,000 a year. The money lenders with a legitimate royal charter. In 1694 The Governor and Company of the Bank of England was formed.
Robert Spencer, Earl of Sunderland |
ROBERT SPENCER (SECOND EARL OF SUNDERLAND) (1640-1702)- A Catholic convert
- Became James II's Lord President in succession to Charles Montagu
- Remained in James's inner circle to the end
- In 1691 reappeared in Parliament
- Abandoned Catholicism
- By 1692 William III consulted him as "minister behind the curtain"
- Convinced the King he could govern with a small inner group - this was the origin of Cabinet Government
The Nine Years War was also know as the War of the League of Augsburg. This league included England, Austria, Spain, Holland and some of the German States.
 
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| 1677 | Princess Mary marries William of Orange
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| 1685 | Charles II dies
James II becomes king of England
Monmouth Rebellion put down
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| 1687 | James II dissolves Parliament
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| 1688 | Seven bishops imprisoned
Birth of James's son
William of Orange lands in England
James flees abroad
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| 1689 | William III and Mary II become king and queen of England
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| 1690 | Irish Jacobites defeated at Boyne
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| 1691 | Treaty of Limerick
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| 1694 | Death of Mary II
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| 1701 | Death of James II
Louis XIV of France recognizes the Old Pretender as king
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| 1702 | Anne becomes queen
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| 1704 | Battle of Blenheim
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| WILLIAM III'S SMALL GROUP OF TRUSTED STATESMEN | | • | Charles, Talbot, Duke of Shrewsbury |
| • | Sidney Godolphin, Earl of Godolphin |
| • | John Churchill, Duke of Marlborough |
| • | Charles Montague, Earl of Halifax |
| • | Robert Spencer, Earl of Sunderland |
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