Â鶹Éç

By the mid-13th century the Islamic empire had become dangerously vulnerable, falling victim to the fearsome Mongol fighters in 1258. A look at how the Mongols changed Islam, destroying the institution of the Caliphs – never again would Muslims be united under one leader, and giving rise to the Ottoman Empire.

This is a programme from the Â鶹Éç World Service Archive and was originally broadcast in 2002.