麻豆社

Location: Nineveh, northern Iraq
Culture: Ancient Middle East
Period: About 700-692 BC
Material: Stone

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The Lachish relief depicts the Assyrian army laying siege in 701 BC to the town of Lachish, about 40 kilometres from Jerusalem. Soldiers storm the town walls while prisoners are marched out of the town into exile. The relief was created for the walls of the great palace of the Assyrian king, Sennacherib, in Nineveh. Such scenes demonstrated the consequences of rebelling against the Assyrian empire. Sennacherib is shown as an invincible king presiding over a perfect victory.

Were the Assyrians war-like?

The Assyrians were renowned for their military successes yet they initially developed a strong army as a means to defend themselves. The Assyrian heartland has no natural defences and was vulnerable to attack. Soon the Assyrians had conquered an empire stretching from Egypt to Iran. Lachish was just one city that fell in a long series of wars that saw many people shifted from their homelands and put to work on such projects as building Sennacherib's palace.

• In Assyrian reliefs, the longer the beard, the higher the status.

By Paul Collins, Curator, British Museum.

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The Assyrians were no more brutal and war-like than other people. Yet warfare is a recurring theme in their art and texts.

The intention of the imagery was to present a believable and realistic view of their world. This was in contrast to the art of Classical Greece, which masked conflict by setting it in a mythological time and place.

The Assyrian kingdom had no natural boundaries and the fertile lands around the river Tigris attracted both mobile pastoralists and neighbouring powers. Assyria鈥檚 rulers were therefore forced to protect their lands. Their armies pushed invaders beyond their territories, bringing them into other potentially hostile states.

Warfare was considered a religious duty. At his coronation the king swore to extend the land of the national god Ashur, who demanded stability and order. So the imagery of battles and sieges that the line the palace walls should be understood not only as statements of power but as statements of a religious responsibility which was achieved with divine support.

By 700 BC the Assyrians had created an empire stretching from the borders of Egypt to the Persian Gulf. Their world view had expanded with their territories and the imagery in the royal palaces was adapted accordingly.

Earlier symbolic images of conquest and triumph were replaced by representations of the defeat of actual enemy tribes, cities and individuals. The depiction of diverse landscapes with entire backgrounds filled by details of vegetation and physical features represent the varied world controlled by Assyria.

In addition, the reliefs powerfully express the ease with which the Assyrian king is able to traverse difficult terrain and obstacles like rivers, and to punish and humiliate rebel kings who had opposed the divine order of the world by effortlessly conquering their heavily fortified cities, such as Lachish in Judah.